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Wulfstan (sometimes Lupus;〔Wormald "Wulfstan" ''Oxford Dictionary of National Biography''〕 died 28 May 1023) was an English Bishop of London, Bishop of Worcester, and Archbishop of York. He should not be confused with Wulfstan I, Archbishop of York or Wulfstan, Bishop of Worcester. He is thought to have begun his ecclesiastical career as a Benedictine monk. He became the Bishop of London in 996. In 1002 he was elected simultaneously to the diocese of Worcester and the archdiocese of York, holding both in plurality until 1016, when he relinquished Worcester; he remained archbishop of York until his death. It was perhaps while he was at London that he first became well known as a writer of sermons, or homilies, on the topic of Antichrist. In 1014, as archbishop, he wrote his most famous work, a homily which he titled the ''Sermo Lupi ad Anglos'', or the ''Sermon of the Wolf to the English''. Besides sermons Wulfstan was also instrumental in drafting law codes for both kings Æthelred the Unready and Cnut the Great of England.〔Mack "Changing Thegns" ''Albion'' p. 380〕 He is considered one of the two major writers of the late Anglo-Saxon period in England. After his death in 1023, miracles were said to have occurred at his tomb, but attempts to have him declared a saint never bore fruit. ==Life== Wulfstan's early life is obscure, but he was certainly the uncle of one Beorhtheah, his successor at Worcester but one, and the uncle of Wulfstan of Worcester.〔Wormald "Archbisop Wulfstan" p. 13〕〔Wilcox "Wolf on Shepherds'' p. 397〕 About Wulfstan's youth we know nothing. He probably had familial ties to the Fenlands in East Anglia,〔Williams ''Æthelred the Unready'' p. 85〕 and to Peterborough specifically.〔Wormald “Archbishop Wulfstan” p. 12〕 Although there is no direct evidence of his ever being monastic, the nature of Wulfstan's later episcopal career and his affinity with the Benedictine Reform argue that he had once studied and professed as a Benedictine monk, perhaps at Winchester.〔Knowles ''Monastic Order'' p. 64〕〔Whitelock "Archbishop Wulfstan" p. 35〕 According to the ''Anglo-Saxon Chronicle'', Wulfstan was consecrated bishop of London in 996, succeeding Aelfstan.〔''Anglo-Saxon Chronicle'', year 996〕 Besides the notice in the Chronicle, the first record of his name is in a collection of nine Latin penitential letters collected by him, three of which were issued by him as bishop of London, and one by him as "Archbishop of the English". The other five letters in the collection (only one of which is addressed to Wulfstan, as archbishop) were issued by Pope Gregory V and by a Pope John (either Pope John XVII or Pope John XVIII). In the letters issued by Wulfstan as bishop of London he styles himself "Lupus episcopus", meaning "the bishop Wolf". "Lupus" is the Latin form of the first element of his Old English name, which means "wolf-stone". In 1002 Wulfstan was elected Archbishop of York and was immediately translated to that see. Holding York also brought him control over the diocese of Worcester, as at that time it was practice in England to hold "the potentially disaffected northern archbishopric in plurality with a southern see."〔Quoted in Wormald "Wulfstan" ''Oxford Dictionary of National Biography''〕 He held both Worcester and York until 1016, resigning Worcester to Leofsige while retaining York.〔Fryde, et al. ''Handbook of British Chronology'' p. 224〕 There is evidence, however, that he retained influence over Worcester even after this time, and that Leofsige perhaps acted "only as a suffragan to Wulfstan."〔Whitelock "Wulfstan at York" p. 214, and note 2〕 Although holding two or more episcopal sees in plurality was both uncanonical and against the spirit of the Benedictine Reform, Wulfstan had inherited this practice from previous archbishops of York, and he was not the last to hold York and Worcester in plurality.〔 Wulfstan must have early on garnered the favour of powerful men, particularly Æthelred king of England, for we find him personally drafting all royal law codes promulgated under Æthelred's reign from 1005 to 1016.〔Wormald "Æthelred the Lawmaker"〕 There is no doubt that Wulfstan had a penchant for law; his knowledge of previous Anglo-Saxon law (both royal and ecclesiastical), as well as ninth-century Carolingian law, was considerable. This surely made him a suitable choice for the king's legal draftsman. But it is also likely that Wulfstan's position as archbishop of York, an important centre in the then politically sensitive northern regions of the English kingdom, made him not only a very influential man in the North, but also a powerful ally for the king and his family in the South. It is indicative of Wulfstan's continuing political importance and savvy that he also acted as legal draftsman for, and perhaps advisor to, the Danish king Cnut, who took England's West Saxon throne in 1016.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Wulfstan (died 1023)」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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